Homopolymeric Guanosine repeat of 20 nucleotides
rG20 is a 20-nucleotide homopolymeric RNA consisting entirely of guanosine residues and bearing a 5' triphosphate. As a continuous poly(G) RNA stretch, rG20 has a strong propensity to form stable G-quadruplex (G4) structures, four-stranded non-canonical RNA secondary structures stabilized by stacks of G-quartets, in which each quartet is a planar arrangement of four guanines linked by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds and coordinated by monovalent cations such as K⁺. RNA G-quadruplexes are generally more thermally stable and compact than their DNA counterparts, owing to the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose sugar and the additional water-mediated contacts within the groove. The 5' triphosphate renders rG20 a potent innate immune activator: it is recognized by the cytosolic pattern recognition receptor RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I), which senses 5'-triphosphate single-stranded and double-stranded RNA to trigger type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine responses. rG20 therefore serves as both a structural model for RNA G-quadruplex formation and a defined molecular tool for activating and studying innate immune signaling pathways.
Applications -
1) Lyu, K., Chow, E. Y.-C., Mou, X., Chan, T.-F., & Kwok, C. K. (2021). "RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s): genomics and biological functions." Nucleic Acids Research, 49(10), 5426–5450
2) Hornung, V., et al. (2006). "5'-Triphosphate RNA is the ligand for RIG-I." Science, 314(5801), 994–997
3) Tosoni, E., et al. (2015). "Inhibition of retroviral production by RNA G-quadruplexes suggests a novel target for antiviral therapy." Biochemistry, 54(3), 691–693
4) Collie, G. W., Parkinson, G. N., Neidle, S., Bhatt, A., Jones, F., & Reszka, A. (2010). "Crystallographic and modelling studies of telomeric RNA G-quadruplex structures." Nucleic Acids Research, 38(16), 5569–5580
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