E coli tRNA coding for tyrosine GTA anti-codon
E. coli tRNA^Tyr(GTA) is an 85-nucleotide transfer RNA that decodes UAC and UAU tyrosine codons via its GTA (GUA) anticodon and is aminoacylated by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), a class I homodimeric enzyme. Unlike most bacterial tRNAs, tRNA^Tyr possesses an unusually long variable arm, a feature it shares with tRNA^Ser and tRNA^Leu, and adopts an extended cloverleaf secondary structure that folds into the canonical L-shaped tertiary architecture. The discriminator base A73 and the C1–G72 base pair at the top of the acceptor stem are primary identity elements for TyrRS recognition, while the first anticodon base G34 makes critical contacts with the enzyme's anticodon-binding loop. The wobble position G34 undergoes queuosine (Q) modification in vivo, although unmodified tRNA^Tyr (this listing included) remains efficiently aminoacylated in vitro. tRNA^Tyr has been extensively engineered as an orthogonal tRNA scaffold, particularly the Methanococcus jannaschii TyrRS/tRNA^Tyr pair, for genetic code expansion and the site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins in E. coli and eukaryotic systems.
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